ABSTRACT
The immune system is comprised of lymph glands, lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen, bone marrow, lymphocytes, and molecules such as antibodies and cytokines. It has a vast array of functionally different cells such as T and B lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and mast cells. The ontogenesis of the immune system is comprised of the innate immune cells and the adaptive immune cells, where innate immune cells are the first defense mechanisms to respond to pathogenic environmental factors. There are multiple components of the adaptive immune cells, including immunoglobulins (Igs), T-cell receptors (TCR), and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) responsible for adaptive immunity. However, many elements of both the innate and adaptive immune systems are conserved in our bodies. The adaptive immunity is a type of immunity that develops when a person’s immune cells respond to a pathogen such as microorganism or vaccination. Environmental factors such as pathogenic bacteria or viruses, solar exposure, age, exercise, stress, diet, sleep quality and air pollutants can influence the immune system. There may be marked decline in the immune function due to attack of COVID-19. Most patients with mild COVID-19 develop an appropriate immune response that culminates with viral clearance. However, severe disease manifestations have been linked to lymphopenia and immune hyper-responsiveness leading to cytokine storm. It has been observed that in COVID-19, alveolar macrophages are epigenetically altered after inflammation, leading to long-term lung immune-paralysis. Western diets are known to have adverse effects on the immune function. However, Mediterranean-type diets rich in short-and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), vegetables, nuts and fruits, dairy products and fish and red wine, due to high content of vitamins, minerals and flavonoids may be useful in boosting immunity. Moderate physical activity may also cause an extensive increase in numerous and varied lipid super-pathway metabolites, including oxidized derivatives called oxylipins. Emerging evidence suggests that dietary supplements containing flavonoids, carotenoids, coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), vitamins, minerals and antioxidants modulate gene and protein expression and thereby modify endogenous metabolic pathways, and consequently enhance the immunity. Mediterranean-type diet and multiple bioactive nutrients, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins and minerals as well as moderate physical activity may be crucial for enhancing immunomodulation.
ABSTRACT
Introduction. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic modified the provision of health services to prioritize the management of emerging cases. The Colombian Association of Surgery was one of the first to lead these initiatives. This study describes the behavior of the health services of a center specialized in head and neck pathology in Medellín, Colombia. Methods. This is a retrospective analysis of a prospective cohort, in which the administrative database was used. The variables analyzed were the number and type of consultations and procedures, carried out in the period from January to July 2019 and their comparison with the same period in 2020. A descriptive analysis was carried out using percentages, average and standard deviation. Results. On the database, 3,521 consultations and 866 surgical procedures were analyzed. A drop in the number of consultations was observed, reaching its lowest point in the month of April, with a 33.9% decrease. The percentage of telemedicine consultations increased since March 2020, reaching 98% in the month of April. A drop in the number of procedures was observed, with a compensatory increase in June of 62.5%. To date, no patient or member of the health care team has developed a COVID-19 infection. Discussion. The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant effect on the number of consultations and head and neck surgical procedures. The telemedicine strategy helped to compensate the decrease in access to specialized care. © 2021, Asociacion Colombiana de Cirugia. All rights reserved.